plant community

group A

worksheet

dominant species	common associated species	period that the associated species will survive	remarks
Sal/Sakhuwa

group B

worksheet

dominant species	common associated species	period that the associated species will survive	remarks
Chilaune

group C

worksheet

dominant species	common associated species	period that the associated species will survive	remarks
Salla (khote)

worksheet

worksheet

plant communities

dominant species	common associated species	period that the associated species will survive	remarks
Sal/Sakhuwa	Sajh (asna); karam (karma); banjh (banjhii); jamun etc.	for ever	wide range of species seen under Sal forest, but in small quantities
Chilaune	Katus, dhusun, dhanyero, khar, tite pati, banmara etc.	for ever	wide range of species seen under Chilaune forest, but in small quantities
Salla (khote)	Dhanyero, chilaune, katus, sal etc.	Salla acts as a pioneer species then after five years associated species will establish and last for ever under the salla	Salla can be planted as a pioneer species, as in Chautara in Kavrepalanchok district
Phul kanda (Sutkeri kanda, Kanchii phul)	Khar, muse kharuki, siru etc.	until phul kanda is three years old	associated species can be planted for use during the first three years. good examples can be seen in Dhankuta and Doti areas
Khayer	Hallunde, bel, kirra, kadam, dhonde and kans etc.	generally up to at least forty years	in most cases the khayer develops killing all the associated species and erosion takes place under the established forest

ideal plant communities for bio-engineering

definition of plant community
plant community is defined as an established group of plants living more-or-less in balance with each other and their environment. the group can be natural or managed.

ideal plant communities for bioengineering
an ideal plant community for bioengineering will contain a variety of different plants, which meets the engineering needs of the site.

management of plant communities in bioengineering
      a do not use single species at first, have a mixture of plants in the initial
         planting. if you rely on one species and this fails, there may be a complete
         loss of the planted material.
     b start with pioneer species. for example, with a damp and north facing slope
        you might introduce utis and some understorey grasses.
     c plan a balance of plant species in the community. generally, include
        grasses, shrubs, and trees.
     d remember that dominant plants such as Utis must be replaced or thinned
        out within three years. otherwise, the understorey plants will be
        overshadowed and eradicated completely.
     e thin the plants out properly to maintain a balance.
     f clear weeds to reduce competition.
     g replant gaps.